Finance Net Present Value and Options Principle Objective

FIN/571 Final Examination Study Guide This study guide will prepare you for the Final Examination you will complete in the final week. It contains practice questions, which are related to each week’s objectives. In addition, refer to each week’s readings and your student guide as study references for the Final Examination. Week One: Foundations of Finance Objective: Discuss 12 principles of foundational corporate finance. 1. __________ occurs when inaccurate information exists. a. 0 The principle of valuable ideas b. 0 Free-rider problem c. 0 Moral hazard d. 0 Adverse selection Objective: Discuss 12 principles of foundational corporate finance. 2. __________ refers to situations wherein the agent can take unseen†¦show more content†¦What is the contribution margin? a. 0 $0.90 b. 0 $1.70 c. 0 $2.50 d. 0 Not enough information Objective: Analyze the effect of price setting on capital budgeting. 12. The wholesale price for Captain John’s is $1.00 per loaf, and the variable cost of production is $0.50 per loaf. Captain John’s expects that expansion will allow them to sell an additional 5 million loaves in the next year. What additional revenues minus expenses will be generated from expansion? a. 0$25,000 b. 0$250,000 c. 0$550,000 d. 0$2,500,000 Objective: Explain the methods, pitfalls, and benefits of capital rationing. 13. Pursuing valuable ideas is the best way to __________. a. 0 achieve extraordinary returns b. 0 get yourself in trouble c. 0 restrain your spending d. 0 avoid risk Objective: Explain the methods, pitfalls, and benefits of capital rationing. 14. Due to asymmetric information, the market fears that a firm issuing securities will do so when the stock is __________. a. 0 undervalued b. 0 overvalued c. 0 caught up in a bear market d. 0 being sold by insiders Objective: Create a financial plan. 15. __________ says to forecast the firm’s cash flows, and analyze the incremental cash flows of alternative decisions. a. 0The signaling principle b. 0The time value of money principle c. 0The principle of incremental benefits d. 0The principle of risk-return Objective: Create a financialShow MoreRelatedThe Natural Gas And Oil1425 Words   |  6 Pagesquickening RE installations but are as well incorporating RE into their present set-up to grasp a 100% mix of RE. More than a few countries are innovators in renewable energy. Iceland acquires 85% of the country’s electricity from earth’s hotness. The country’s electricity stock is 100% renewable and relies on geothermal and hydropower. 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We will use a real discount rate for the real cash flows, a nominal rate for the nominal flows. The alternative is to convert all cash flows to real

The Competition Level Of Burger - 1488 Words

Lila’s burger shop has been operating the business for the past 20 years in Melbourne. This company has its popular product lines such as vegie burgers, beef burgers, chicken burgers, bacon and cheese burgers which use the locally produced raw materials and green organic vegetables as the fillings. The company has gained the popularity within Victoria and has attracted many interstates tourists as its fans. The company is positioned as the unique cuisine provider who can represent the true Australian culture and food. Objectives of the research: †¢ To identify what competition level of burger providers within the targeted international markets †¢ To identify consumers’ attitudes towards Australian burger products within the targeted international markets †¢ To identify the demanding levels with Australian burger products within the targeted international markets Include a list of information sources that you used and a brief summary of the information provided. †¢ Information source 1 http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/business/article/burger-bakar-abang-burn-strives-to-double-sales-to-rm20-million †¢ Information source 2 http://www.austrade.gov.au/Australian/Export/Export-markets/Countries/Malaysia/Industries/Food-and-beverage †¢ Information source 3 http://www.futuredirections.org.au/publications/food-and-water-crises/2022-australia-s-food-export-outlook.html †¢ Information source 4Show MoreRelatedThe Competition Level Of Burger1238 Words   |  5 PagesCompany details: Lila’s burger shop has been operating the business for the past 20 years in Melbourne. This company has its popular product lines such as vegie burgers, beef burgers, chicken burgers, bacon and cheese burgers which use the locally produced raw materials and green organic vegetables as the fillings. The company has gained the popularity within Victoria and has attracted many interstates tourists as its fans. The company is positioned as the unique cuisine provider who can representRead MoreBurger King Marketing Essay1183 Words   |  5 Pagescompanies create value for customers and build strong customers relationships in order to capture value from customers in return, Kotler amp; Armstrong (2010). Burger King Corporation (BKC) is one of the world’s leading fast food restaurants with more than 12,170 restaurants in 76 countries throughout the world. The chain offers a range of burgers, sandwiches, salads and breakfasts, french fries, soft drinks and other food items. 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Australian artist Free Essays

The everyday phenomenon or contemporary art is art made since World War II or the art made or produced at the current point in time. Since 20th century the common concern was and is what constitutes of art. Contemporary art is not always easy for it takes a person to the heart of many ideologies and issues. We will write a custom essay sample on Australian artist or any similar topic only for you Order Now And for our case it helps Australian populace to know their past, present and future. (Crosskey 77) National identity was an issue the Australians argued about in 1990s the symbols, images representing Australians experience and history. Artists focus on symbols or issues that we ourselves do not treat with seriousness e. g. suburban houses or even acknowledgement of indigenous Australians experiences. Art display welcomes questions but also a reflection of values, history and lifestyle. (Daly 188) Australian Art Australian aboriginal art and post colonial art are classified under art of Australia. In both western traditions and indigenous traditions Australia has produced distinguished artists. The uniting subject for both histories of Australian art is the sacredness and importance of the land. (Smith 42) Early colonial art when taken to Europe was received with skepticism. John Lewin was the first resident professional Australian artist; he arrived in 1800 and had two publications on natural history of art. In natural history, in 830 especially there was some ethnographic portraiture of Aboriginals. (Lindsay 138) There has been a gradual change since 1788 in Australian art from a European sense of light to an Australian one. Lighting sense in European differ from Australian this is reflected on early attempts at landscapes. In 1835 to 1878 Conrad Martens a professional artist painted many landscapes which made him financially successful. His work on landscape was regarded softened so as to fit European emotional response. John Glover was another significant landscape artist of this era. (Pratt 69, 240) In 1840s attempts of art exhibitions were made and managed to attract some artists but there financial difficulties. Regular exhibition became popularized by 1850s with huge display of various arts. (Lindsay 138) Decorative art such as water color painting, miniature, and functional objects such as urns, before second war I became more popular in Australia. Modernist art after World War I began to be felt and cause disputes between detractors and its practitioners. (Wood 30) Archibald Prize the most famed art prize was founded in 1921 even though definition of portraiture has always yielded to disagreements. There was evident cross pollination of Aboriginal and western art in 1930s and 1940s, after Australian interior was opened. (Art Gallery of New South Wales 19-22) Artists in 1940s began to try other styles such as Surrealism and others. John Brack brought to attention suburban landscape; there was an increased landscape painting. Brett Whitely a Sydney artist was one of the known painters till his passing away in 1992. (Biennale of Sydney, 102) Papunya Tula School or ‘dot art’ developed after Geoffrey Bardon a teacher in 1971-1972 motivated the Aboriginal people of Papunya to paint their dream time narratives on canvas, one of well known artist of ‘dot art’ is Clifford Possum. Dot Art style art has become well recognized through out the world. Some of well known contemporary Australian artist have progressively used video and photography i. e. Tracy Moffat in their work. (Art Gallery of New 50-62) Aboriginal artists that make use of western in-between have been recognized internationally and seen as recent time great painters’ example being Freddy Timms. The Australian war memorial has some authorized war artists such as Rick Amor and others for East Timor peacekeeping mission, Lewis Miller in the 2003 Iraq War. (Bosch 90) Artists Imants Tiller Diaspora of Imants Tiller art took an everyday phenomenon that was overlooked. Diaspora means a dispersal of populace of same national beliefs or origin. Diaspora was a series of Imants Tillers in 1990s which he described as a new exemplar in his work. His four painting were relating to displacement of persons from their original land of your birth due to colonization and dissimilar cultures combination which makes the most part of the narratives and legacies of these societies in the 20th century. For people in Australian and New Zealand countries Diaspora is inbuilt in creation of the society that they are today. (McCulloch 776) Imants paintings were Diaspora 1992, Izklied 1994, Paradiso 1994 and farewell to reason 1996. The thing that was conspicuous about Tillers paintings was the way one big painting had small one next to each other. The impression that is created by Tillers different interaction of his four art works is that one of worlds within worlds, moving in numerous courses within each work and from one to another. This works are in relation to Till ongoing interest to turn over professed ideologies on periphery and centre of North America and Europe and on one side and comparatively indistinguishable places on the â€Å"world stage’ e. g. Lavitia, Australia, and New Zealand. While the liberty of Baltic States was a facilitator for Tillers four series, his works integrate a broader concentration in the insider/outsider puzzle across boundaries. (McCulloch 776) His work also notes reoccurring cycles of loss, new beginnings and require admitting varied voices. A non-Balt or Balt that observed the great pro- independence protests in 1988 to 1991 will not remember them and the great moving impact they had; the tears, the songs, the sense of liberation as populace were able to utter open things which in forty years they were afraid even to sigh in secret; ‘For you shall know the truth and it will set you free’ Anatol Lievin. (Rowley 192-193) Diaspora 1992 Tillers painting Diaspora 1992 was a reaction to the theoretical political events in 1990 in Lavitia (Home nation to his parents). Tillers connection with Lavitia was unclear his alertness of an innate culture and the image was of the past, were constants in his childhood. They moved from Lavitia to Siberia in Baltic State which emerged after collapse of Soviet Union as refugee due to colonization. This led to Tillers outstanding sudden turnaround. (McCulloch 776) The painting that Tiller exhibited in Melbourne, at a Gallery was his first to enter Diaspora collection. This work included many references i. e. fragments of images, images, symbols and words from more than twenty works of art of eleven artists from dissimilar art chronological periods and dissimilar cultures. Pierre Restany commented: ‘The spectator witnesses an unfolding of coded messages and secret references, imprecations and fragments of ex-votos, making up the flux, or rather the weave of collective memory. ’ (Rowley 192-193) Izkliede 1994 Izkliede 1994 was created with Australian spectators in mind. It composed of many small pictures like in Diaspora 1992. Tillers second art has elements in moving up and downward in instabilities performances; this can be translated as globe further than the purely purposeful and rational features of reality. Rudolf Steiner has described it, ‘what is essential is the fact that the visualizations liberate the soul from dependence on the physical. ’ Izeklied can have many meaning like a language. Swastika on the inflammatory matchbox symbol when it adopted by the Nazis caused people to die in millions, for over 3000 years the symbol had been used in many cultures symbolize life, sun and good luck. (Curnow 148) In Izklied there is Joseph Stalin’s head portraying political image and is surrounded by shapeless masses. When this piece was displayed in Sherman Galleries in 1994 it made a lot of impact to those who saw the piece. By the moment Tillers painted his version the Cold War it had already ended. In Tillers title he suggests that many other battles were in the mind of many people this included the need to take precaution and protect the surrounding through out the world. ‘Let us posses one world, each has one, and is one’ this writing on the piece gave it new energy. (Curnow 148) Paradiso 1994 Paradiso 1994 is the third work of Tillers in Diaspora. Its context was relations in a disjointed world. His third work was reflecting on relocated people hope for a new ‘promised land’ after going through various problems. This notion or though was never a reality though the displaced people were freed from day to day domination in their own country. The situation was very tough in the countries they took refuge in as they tried to go on with their lives. This ideology of paradise, is connected with faith; gone astray, found and longed for. Tillers slots in Meka’s book and his words writings ‘We are dreaming of bread and liberty We’ll dream the same when we die Hungry, imprisoned, enslaved And scattered across the face of the earth’(Rowley, 192-193) Farewell for Reason 1996 In Farewell for Reason 1996, they are many secret codes that speak about mortality and rites across diverse cultures. In farewell to reason the idea of recycling is seen because of the panels on the top left and right, in bold letters ‘see’ and ‘surf’. His adaptation of the words such as ‘surf’ an abbreviation for ‘surfeit’ it has profaned and sacred implications. This work was the last on Diaspora by Tillers. (Rowley 192-193) Finally Diaspora series advocate that social, cultural and local specificities influence language and the manner we think, difference of culture is there for us to come to grips with it, coexistence is a procedure of becoming that is incessantly developing. (Curnow 48) Gordon Bennett and Peter Robinson Peter Robinson and Gordon Bennett in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the have had the intention of commenting, exposing and reflecting on the occurrences of New Zealanders and Australians. Their works describe and state current day culture, considering the creation of country societies and histories after the colonial rule and also look into the function of an artist in the modern art industry. (Benjamin 127) The both have dissimilar degree of aboriginal descent in their personal past and this has manifested in production of the two artists work. Robison at first gained skills as a sculptor and Bennett work was on painting. Their origin has played a great role in their work for it is divergent in the art world and from how they define their own identity. They do not agree to be called native artists; they prefer their art not to be weighed down by the descriptions of others. In each artist art work there are some visible elements such as native history, post European arrival and the impact of social politics and conflict with the awful nature and other cultural and current experiences. (Benjamin 127) Their works have been displayed in Three Colors Exhibition and Catalogue basically to give their work closeness rather than compare the two. They both knew very little about the components work for they had not met prior, but Three Colors gave them this opportunity for their art to talk to each other. In compassion with Ross Gibson’s portrayal of a physical but also a thought of ‘badland’, ‘†¦ a disturbing place that you feel compelled to revisit despite all your wishes for comfort or complacency’ Robison and Bennett react to and involve their cultures, to address problems that are likely to be ignored or serve that risk. Their approaches of art make us to keenly look at the difficult issues at hand (Cambridge 34-40) Bennett’s expression on the abstract notion of identity bothered specific conformist views that regarded the native Australians, the hegemonic perspective of native culture and past as formulated by the colonial dialogue, and brought close concentration to the widespread implication of such deliberating for viewer and subject. Bennett’s early works seemed to have a liberating sense, for they confronted the Anglo-Saxon Australian description of history seeking to acknowledgement, motivate understanding and re-examining of approach and communal actions. (Cambridge 34-40) The Coming of light 1987 this is an indication of Bennett’s early works which was filled with anger i. e. a sarcastic tone going throughout his practice. His title was indicating modernization and bringing light to savage mind which was dark. The Urban European attack in this project is represented by elements such as typical city buildings, a backdrop of a mass of European white faces looking with eyes wide opened at one black native and a guillotined jack-in-the-box hanging from a nose. Use of alphabets in his work is a symbol of capital and commerce, indicating the power in European language and other structures of thought. (Benjamin 127) Peter Robison in his work tried to answer ‘What kind of Maori person was I, if at all? He was from Maori tribe. By choosing g art as a career he was to revive political and cultural interest in Maori individuality, language and customs at that time. He went deeper into the Maori heritage in his work: ‘I am of Maori descent and maybe I’m aware of it, or completely unaware – but I’ve been de-tribalised. So when I started producing Maori art it was like I was part of a lost tribe that had lost its roots in Maoriness and was finding its own roots. ‘ (Benjamin 127) Gordon Bennett and Peter Robinson work Tongue Of The False Prophet (1992), 3. 125% (1994) and Untitled (1994) are indication of Robinson’s reply, reviewing and investigating his individual stand in the intricacies of the New Zealand cultural state. Robison work the ‘percentage paintings’, 3. 125% (1994) symbolize the inquisitive position that he followed in answering to his ‘Maoriness’ in an opened-ended method, focusing on the dualities inside his individual state of affairs and the superior bicultural state, through its olden times of battle over dominion and privileges: ‘A large number of Robinson’s works have centered on this issue – not just the tools and methods that the power culture in New Zealand has used to de-legitimize and diminish Maori cultural identity and Maori rights to lands and resources, but also the impact that such experiences have had upon the Maori people. ‘(Benjamin 127) 3. 125 percentage , is the mathematics quantity of Maori blood containing Robinson’s ancestry, a number that can be thought as insufficient or sufficient to assert social or cultural rights, depending on the alternative of defining structure; blood, familiarity, or policy: ‘And then they accuse you of jumping on the Maori art bandwagon. The percentage paintings were a way of exposing these kinds of attitudes. It is my belief that Maori identity is a matter of identifying yourself as Maori – belonging in terms of ancestral connections as opposed to being a concept of how much Maori you are in terms of blood quantities. ‘(Benjamin 127) Self Portrait (Good Guys) has a powerful mournful expression on the psychic, self and social effect of color disparity and assimilation. It is against generalization and subsuming of identities on grounds such as scientific, social religious, political or any other grounds. ‘This is what my project is all about – not only through my art but in my coming to understand for myself that I am a measure of Australia and of Australian culture, that I was conditioned and socialized into this culture in a fairly average way. I feel that by deconstructing my false notions about myself and my Aboriginality then, in some way, I am also reflecting how that is being falsely reflected within Australian culture. So, there’s this connection between my deconstructing this image in myself and deconstructing it in Australian culture. ’ (Benjamin 127) Robinson respond to current concerns with ethnicity and identity or other issues is to satirize political accuracy. The irrefutable legacy of lineage is closely examined by Robinson and Bennett in works acknowledging the difficulties of self identity. Self Portrait (Ancestor Figures) (1992) is one of Bennett’s work mostly documented among their works. (Benjamin 127) Boy Am I Scarred, Eh! (1997) there was a scarring and psychic damage to Maori after McCahons speculation. ’ I see much of my current work as History painting, not as a documentary History painting, but rather it is painting that investigates the way history is constructed after the event, always mediated by someone’s point of view, a teleological one point perspective that reflects a Eurocentric bias. ‘(Benjamin 127) In early 1990s Bennett’s painting had accounts of optical grids, perspectives, black voids signs and dates signifying the impact and actions of arrangements of thinking applied by European colonial governments and individual putting borders and giving significance to the land of Australia and its populace. (Benjamin 127) Conclusion The Everyday phenomena style of art has affected the communities in a positive way since they get into issues that in most cases would have been ignored or overlooked. In Australia during the 1990s the artist and everyday theme was similar since during this period there were issues such as European colonization, displacement of people from their land and people taking refuge in other states in hope of a new start of their lives. Imants Tiller, Gordon Bennett and Peter Robison in their work have interest on the everyday phenomena in their work. (Crosskey, 77) Works Cited Bosch A. V. den, Aesthetics, Allen Unwin Publishers, 2005, ISBN: 1741144558 Biennale of Sydney, Sydney Opera House, Art, Modern, Biennale Publishers, 2002 Wood P. , Perry G. , Postmodernism, YALE UNIV PR Publishers, 2004, ISBN: 0300101430 Lindsay, R. , and et al, Painting, Modern, National Gallery of Victoria, 1983 Pratt W. B, Encyclopedias and dictionaries, Australia, Grolier society of Australia, 1977, ISBN: 0959660402 Lindsay, R. et al, Art, Australia, National Gallery of Victoria, 1987, ISBN: 0724101225 Daly M. , et al, Australia, Rough Guides, 2003, ISBN:1843530902 (Crosskey , J. Philip, Rose G. Roger, Art/Pacific Area, University of Hawaii Press, 1993, ISBN:0824815734 Curnow w. , Art, Australia, Craftsman House, 1997, ISBN:9057032716 (Rowley, S. , Handcraft/Philosophy, Allen Unwin, 1997, ISBN: 186448313X McCulloch, A. , Biography, Allen Unwin, 1994, ISBN: 1863733159 Benjamin R. , Art, Australia, Guggenheim Museum, 1995, ISBN: 0892071451 Cambridge Scientific Abstracts, Art Modern, Clio Press, 1969 Art Gallery of New, South Wales, Art Modern, the Biennale Publishers, 1986, ISBN: 0959661956? Smith, S. Ure, Traveling Exhibition, the Museum of Modern Art, 1941 Art Gallery of New South Wales Art, Australia, the Gallery, 1989? How to cite Australian artist, Papers

Essentials of Strategic Management

Question: Discuss about the Essentials of Strategic Management. Answer: Introduction The five competitive forces that shape strategy were developed and explained by Michael Porter in the 1980s. Michael porter explained and evaluated how the five forces affect the profitability levels of any particular industry in the long run. The five forces determine how the economic value created by players within a particular industry is divided among the industry players (Daft Daft,2007). The five forces that shape strategy are: The power of customers Power of suppliers Rivalry among existing competitors Threat of substitutes Threat of new entrants into the market The objective of this task is to determine ways in which the five forces shaped the historical Cola wars. There are three very important aspects of value chain in the carbonated soft drinks industry. These aspects are; concentrate producers, bottlers and retailers. Both of these value chain participants are affected by the five competitive forces in one way or the other (Porter, 2008). Qualitative research methods will be used to achieve the objective and goals of the study. This methodology will involve reviewing past research work on the subject and using the knowledge gained to analyze and resolve the study question. Concentrate Producers Threat of new entrants into the market refers to the probability of new firms joining a particular industry hence increasing competition (Etro,2009). In this case, industries that seem profitable will attract new customers compared to those whose fortunes are dwindling. A look at the cola wars reveals that the threat of new entrant into the market had very minimal effect in shaping competition in this industry. This may have been influenced by one or more of the factors discussed above. One of the major reasons why threat of new entrants was very minimal is because of the initial capital requirements as well as the fact that the existing competitors enjoy economies of scale (Salonen,2010). The customers also have very little bargaining power in relation to the producers of concentrate. This is because, the companies in this industry depend on a variety of distribution channels and they do not deal directly with the consumers. The number of customers in this case is high and they do not have associations hence have little bargaining power. The bargaining power of suppliers is strong in relation to the concentrate producers. This force is strong because the number of suppliers in this industry is small. It therefore means they can come together and form associations through which they will use to influence price of raw material. The suppliers in this case supply the concentrate producers with the raw materials used in making the concentrate. The lack of substitute raw materials to be used in making the concentrate further strengthens the bargaining power of suppliers (Ganesan,2012). The degree of rivalry between competitors in an industry is strong in relation to the concentrate producers. This is because, the level of competition in this industry is fiercely stiff and therefore every action taken by the competitor will require a reaction by the other industry players. The market force of threat of substitute products is very strong impact on the producers of concentrate. This is because; this industry has products that are very close substitutes. It therefore means that if the producers of the concentrate do not stay on their toes especially on factors involving market research and promotion, they will be stifled by the competitor (Shankar Carpenter, 2012). Bottlers The bottlers purchase the concentrate; add water and other necessary ingredients to make the drink. The bottlers then package the resulting carbonated soft drink in bottles or cans ready for sale to the dealers who sell on behalf of the company. Sales agents assist in distribution of the product. The bottlers being part of carbonated soft drinks value chain are also subject to the five competitive forces(Keillor,2007). The power of suppliers is a very strong force for the bottlers. The suppliers of bottlers in this case are the concentrate producers. The power of suppliers is very huge because there are enjoy the power of monopoly. This means that the bottlers cannot change their suppliers. If a company bottles coca cola products, it cannot find the concentrate used to make coca cola anywhere else. The cost of changing supplier is also very high (Shankar Carpenter, 2012). The power of buyer in relation to the bottlers is not very significant. This is because; there are high levels of customer loyalty to the tastes and preferences of consumers. The consumers are many and are not concentrated in the same geographical region. This makes it difficult for them to negotiate prices and therefore they cant affect the demand of products in this market. The threat of new entrants in the industry is not high among the bottler. This threat is not high for the bottlers because, the concentrate producer gives permission and license to any company that wants to bottle its products. It therefore means that the concentrate producer regulates the number of bottlers in a particular market. The force of threat of substitute products is strong on the part of the bottlers. This is due to the fact that if consumers decide to substitute the carbonated drink for example with bottled water, the business of the company which engages in bottling of carbonated drink will be affected. The force of rivalry among existing competitors is weak in relation to the business of the bottlers; this is because the rivalry is very minimal since the industry is regulated by the concentrate producers (Meldrum McDonald,2007). The retail channels This refers to the means and intermediaries involved in delivering the product to the final consumer. Distribution in the carbonated soft drinks industry takes pace mostly through supermarket, mass merchandisers and vending machines. Power of suppliers has a very strong effect on the retailers. This is because, the market has few suppliers. The suppliers in this case are the bottlers of soft drinks. The prices of the products are also dictated to them by the bottlers depending on their costs of production and other factors (Keillor,2007). The bargaining power of customers is weak on the part of retailers. The market has very many buyers who are distributed across wide geographical areas. The customers bargaining power is minimal because they cannot form associations which they can negotiate to influence prices or demand. Customers will then be forced to buy the products at the going market price. The threat of new entrants in the retail business of carbonated soft drinks is high. This is because; there are no barriers to entry. There is no government policy regulating entry into the industry. The capital requirements for new firms to enter the market are also low. A combination of these factors makes the threat of new entrants very real (Marich,2013). Retailers of CSDs are also highly affected by the threat of substitute products. The CSDs industry products have very many substitute products. This therefore means that, the retailers of the companys products are bound to be affected by the competition from the substitute products. This affects demand and pricing. The rivalry among existing competitors is has a huge impact on the retailers. This is because; the producers of the concentrate are involved in marketing and promotional activities of their products. It therefore means that aggressive advertising by the competitor may affect the demand of the products of the other companies. This will in turn have an impact on the profitability of the retailers. This will therefore affect the strategies to be employed by the competitors (Keillor, 2007). Coca Cola market position The position of Coca Cola on the bargaining power of suppliers is weak. This is due to the fact that the suppliers are very few in the market and therefore its impossible to switch between suppliers. Coca Cola suppliers therefore have a lot of bargaining power. On the bargaining power of customers, Coca Cola is in a strong competitive position. This is because, the market have many buyers and therefore one buyer or a small proportion of buyers cannot influence the prices of Coca Cola products or affect its level of demand. Coca cola is in a strong position in respect to the threat of new entrants. The patent regulations make it difficult for new firms to enter the CSDs industry. The capital requirements are high for new entrants. The economies of scale enjoyed by Coca Cola scares away any firms intending to join the industry. In respect to the competitive force of threat of substitute goods, Coca Cola Company is in a weak position. This is because; there are very many substitutes in the soft drink industry. It therefore means that the substitute products are a threat to Coca Cola market share. The degree of rivalry between Coca Cola and its competitors is high. The position of Coca Cola in relation to this aspect is not very favorable. This is because intense competition means that the rival firms have to spend a lot on, marketing and promotion activities. Recommendations Coca Cola company should integrate backwards in order to improve its position on the bargaining power of suppliers. This will work by the company engaging in production of raw materials that are used to make the concentrate. This way, the company wont have to deal with powerful few suppliers anymore. The position of Coca cola in relation to the bargaining power of customers should be improved by implementing loyalty programs. This will work well for the company since the customers will feel a sense of connection with the companies` products. Due to this reason, the customers will continue to buy the companys products. To improve its position in relation to entry of new firms, Coca Cola should use retaliation. This involves using methods that will scare off new firms such as lowering the price of products (Derval, 2007) Threat of substitute goods is a very strong force affecting Coca Cola competitive strategies. To improve its position, the company should diversify its products line. The company will make substitute products itself and hence retaining its market share. To improve its position in respect to rivalry between existing competitors, Coca Cola should increase its investment in market research and innovation. Increasing its advertising expenses will also help the company improve its position. Conclusion The application of Michael Porters five competitive forces in analyzing the CSDs industry has provided a clear understanding and insight on how the forces shape the strategies of firms in this industry. The five forces influence the concentrate producer, the bottlers and the retailers in many different ways. The analysis of this effects helps in making decisions meant to improve the overall market position of the firm References Daft, R. L., Daft, R. L. (2007). New era of management. Mason, Ohio: Thomson South-Western. Porter, M. E. (2008). On competition. Boston MA: Business Harvard School Hill, C. W. L., Jones, G. R. (2009). Essentials of strategic management. Mason, OH: South-Western/Cengage Learning. Salonen, T. (2010). Strategies, structures, and processes for network and resources management in industrial parks: The cases of Germany and China. Ko?ln: Eul. Etro, F. (2009). Endogenous market structures and the macroeconomy. Berlin: Springer. Derval, D. (2007). Wait marketing: Communicate at the right moment at the right place. Amsterdam: Derval Research. Shankar, V., Carpenter, G. S. (2012). Handbook of marketing strategy. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Pub. Meldrum, M., McDonald, M. (2007). Marketing in a nutshell: Key concepts for non-specialists. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Keillor, B. D. (2007). Marketing in the 21st century. Westport, Conn: Praeger. Tybout, A. M., Calder, B. J., J.L. Kellogg Graduate School of Management. (2010). Kellogg on marketing. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley. Marich, R. (2013). Marketing to moviegoers: A handbook of strategies and tactics. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. In Ganesan, S. (2012). Handbook of Marketing and Finance.

PG Organizational studies

Learning From Poetry

Learning From Poetry Learning From Poetry Learning From Poetry By Erin No matter what kind of writing you do, reading poetry can be a great way to improve your writing skills. The principles of poetry can be applied to nearly every kind of writing you do. Lets take a look at what we can learn from poetry. 1. Poetry teaches word economy. In a poem, not a single word is wasted. Poets strive for finding the most effective words to convey each thought, emotion or idea. 2. Poetry uses powerful imagery. Poems are the epitome of show, dont tell. In a poem, you dont have a lot of time or space to spend narrating or telling the reader whats happening. Poets create strong visuals for their readers, truly giving the reader a glimpse of their subjects. 3. Poetry is inspiring. Love it or hate it, poetry elicits powerful emotions. A well-crafted line of poetry can stick with us for a long time. Sometimes, a poem or even just a memorable line, can make us want to write about that. The emotional response we have to the poem can often lead to an outlet for our own ideas. Resources There are a number of sites that offer daily poetry either delivered to your inbox or by RSS feed. The Writers Almanac from Garrison Keillor offers daily poems as well as historical information. Poetry Daily is another daily poem site. If you prefer, you can get get a haiku a day from Daily Haiku or tinywords. You can also check out any number of poetry anthologies. One of my favorites is Risking Everything, edited by Roger Housden. If you really hate poetry, try reading some Dr. Seuss or Shel Silverstein! You can also look to song lyrics, which have been a great source of inspiration for me. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:60 Synonyms for â€Å"Walk†"Confused With" and "Confused About"Passed vs Past

Introduction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Introduction - Essay Example Quite successfully, the team came up with a barge design with Styrofoam, covered by wood. Many parameters like water resistance, speed and other stress load factors are considered to develop the design successfully. However, there will be a factor of uncertainty in the real world design (Ullman 314). A barge with rails, rope, claw and a hole-saw drill is the basic mechanical design for the floating Styrofoam salvage to transport the material. The claw is designed to catch the object under the water upon a trigger that is a simple electrical design. The hole saw drill has a threaded rod which again works on an electrical trigger. The movement of barge is made possible with a rope and rail mechanism. The prototype design was developed considering a water tank as the surrounding and limited environmental factors. The output that we obtained based on the design calculation was near to perfection, under the provided limited information. Considering the QFD process, the design planning process, the overall project performance taking into account the various parameters, gave a satisfactory results. Though the team was not working under a result-oriented platform, the conclusions that we could make on the design process turned out to be

In Fighting Obesity, are Calories, Carbohydrates or Fat Grams the Research Paper

In Fighting Obesity, are Calories, Carbohydrates or Fat Grams the Enemy - Research Paper Example population (Dietz, 2009). Research studies reveal that obesity is found to be associated with numerous chronic health states counting diabetes, stroke, heart diseases, high blood pressure (Glied, 2003). The number is increasing constantly and thereby obesity does not come alone but in association with other chronic conditions, radically enhancing the cost of healthcare. In order to afford the essential therapeutic concern and management, it requires to deal with comorbid states, resulting in the financial burden on the nation as well as deficit in upcoming healthcare endowment. Besides, an augmenting demands of health care facilities is observed, hence a complicated situation is portrayed. A more wide-ranging interdisciplinary research is required to have an insight to understand the situation (Glied, 2003). As obesity has emerged as an issue that is engulfing the well-being of individuals of the present epoch and is rising as an epidemic in the United States of America. The incidenc e of obesity amongst adults has become two fold in past couple of decades intensifying the health concern and related issues of the inhabitants (Flegal, 2010). Obesity condenses eminence of life, enhances the probability of untimely death, augments the jeopardy for numerous persistent diseases, related to heart such as coronary heart disease, hypertension, other related disorders like high cholesterol levels, sleep apnea, overweight resulting in orthopaedic problems, early signs of puberty in case of obese kids, reduced life expectancy, stroke, obesity enhances the possibilities of witnessing Type 2 diabetes, elevated BMI, cancer, arthritis, metabolic disorders and other related anomalies (US Department of Health and Human Services: The Surgeon General’s Call to Action to Prevent and Decrease Obesity). Obesity not only brings concern about health, but it adds to the financial burden too. Obesity augments the health care costs. Estimates reveal that obesity accounts for approx imately 10% of yearly medical expenses, increasing the obesity-associated medical costs to $147 billion in 2008 (Finkelstein. 2009). Obesity has reached an alarming position in USA, and two well distinguished categories have been demonstrated namely obese and extreme obese. Findings disclose that over one-third adults of United States are found to be obese during the year 2007–2008 (Flegal, 2010). According to The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), the incidence of obesity in the United States could be estimated by means of data for height to weight ratio. The prevalence rate of obesity displays that there was a steady increase in obesity equally in both the sexes belonging to all ages from 1976 -1980 to 1988-1994. On the other hand, the trend in obesity augmentation between 1988-1994 and 1999-2000 was significant in other ages except for the males belonging to the age between 40 to 59 years. While data analysis from 2001-2002 to 2003-2004 recommended escalating trends since 1999-2000 in males and not in females (Ogden, 2006).? Obesity trends also varies between the ethnic and racial communal groups which is displayed by means of BMI, a helpful tool to measure obesity for the examination and comparison of the obesity and to procure data in a standard format across the world as BMI indicates the percentage of body fat (Bouchard, 2008). Causes of Obesity As described by Glied,

International businesse in emerging market Assignment - 1

International businesse in emerging market - Assignment Example The emerging market accelerated growth of its international business, which were up 4% LFL. In June 2014, the company planned to invest $20 billion in a gas-fired power complex in Vietnam. In its planning, the company recognized the need to create a partnership with a host well-known company in Vietnam in an attempt to sell its products in this emerging market. It, therefore, collaborated with Vietnam’s state-owned petrol Vietnam. It erected two power plants with a capacity to produce between 6000 and 6500 megawatts of power. In this perspective, the company focuses on capturing the gas and oil market in Vietnam through provision of cheaper prices and diversified oil and gas brands (Regester & Larkin, 2014). It proposed to position its operation in 700 locations and several retail operations. In addition, the strategy aims to present its brands closer to consumers and therefore making its brand most accessible products in Vietnam. Vietnam is one of the top five developing nations in Asia. It has a robust middle class, a crucial driver of economic expansion in a developing country. It is valid to argue that middle class mainly supports the policy change significantly to the success of the country and in supporting capitalist democracy. The country has the fastest-growing middle class in the whole Southeast Asia and is expected to double in size from 12 million (2014) to 32 million by 2020. Generally, Exxon Mobil was experiencing various impending challenges in Vietnam such as complex foreign investment laws, corruption in infrastructure projects, lack of comprehensive and transparent legal system and restricted land usage rights (Plunkett, 2014). However, Vietnam is currently undergoing trade liberalization through negotiations toward a free agreement with the European Union (Van Dyke, et al., 2014). The negotiation presents viable market to Exxon Mobil since its

Rituximab Discovery Process

Rituximab Discovery Process Description of the Target Disease Rituximab (Rituxan) is a distinct monoclonal antibody for curing of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma(NHL) or chronic lymphocytic leukemia. This drug is also used in conjunction with methotrexate to cure symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. This form of cancer begins from the lymphatic system and extends all over the body. In this disease, tumor grows from lymphocytes-a variety of white blood cell. The lymphatic system is a fraction of the immune system and aids battle infections and other ailments in addition to sieving out bacteria. Clear liquid called lymph runs via the lymphatic vessels and have white blood cells called lymphocytes that fight infections (Kim 266). Although there are several diverse kinds of lymphoma that exist, this specific type is mostly widespread. The major indicator of the health is the presence of a bump in a lymph node. In the UK, over 11,000 infections of lymphoma are detected each year. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is related with ageing as the chances of gett ing the illness increases with age and its typical age of detection is estimated at 65. While the root of the health condition is unidentified, the risk features of developing it consist of having a health condition that deteriorates the immune system, previous contact with high amounts of radiation and being formerly in contact with Epstein-Barr virus. The standard way to verify the presence of this form of lymphoma is by conducting a biopsy (investigation of infected lymph bump. Survival chances of a patient with illness differ significantly depending on the actual type, status and phase of the lymphoma. Rituximab (Rituxan) vaccine is used in the curing of lymphoma and was discerned at IDEC Pharmaceuticals’ laboratories in 1991 and marketed by Genentech, a subordinate of Roche Group. The antibody was hereditarily engineered and used to generate high-yield expression structures. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) endorsed Rituximab in 1997 for curing this type of lymphoma. The vaccine received EU endorsement in June 1998 and sold under the brand name MabThera. On January 2011, the FDA endorsed Rituxan for treatment of superior follicular lymphoma (Carson et al. 820). Pharmaceutical Discovery Process of Rituxan As a curative IgG1 kappa antibody, Rituxan has mouse variable areas separated from anti-CD20 antibody. The antibody targets the lymphoma by binding itself with high resemblance to the cells having the CD20 antigen present on the exterior of normal B cells, excluding other regular cells. It mediates complement-reliant tissue lysis in the existence of human balance and antibody-reliant cellular cytotoxicity. The vaccine helps the immune system of the body to eradicate the stained CD20 B cells, reproduce new strong tissues from the lymphoid and takes them back to normal phases within a period of twelve months. In addition, the drug has been proven to stimulate apoptosis and modifies chemo-resistant lymphoma cells into in vitro (Ghetie et al. 1395). Clinical Phases of Rituximab Clinical trials are potential biomedical studies on human beings that are created to gather information about precise question on biomedical interventions. They are vital to the development of new drugs and vaccines used to prevent and cure diseases. Clinical researches are carried out to ascertain whether an innovative medication is secure and effective. Such studies are conducted after satisfactory information has been collected and approved by health authorities in the country of research. Ideally, clinical trials on new medicines comprises of four stages. Each phase of the procedure is regarded as a distinct clinical trial and the medicine development goes through all the stages over several years. After successfully proceeding through all the four phases, the drug is eventually endorsed by the regulatory authority for utilization in the whole population. The first phase of clinical development of Rituximab began in 1993. This phase involves the examination of biochemical effects of medicines on the body (pharmacodynamics) and the assessment of the body affects a drug (pharmacokinetics). In single-arm (pharmacodynamics) research, 166 patients who had B cell lymphoma were given four doses of 375 m/m2 of Rituxan as an intravenous infusion on weekly basis. Patients who had tumor of more than10cm in the marginal blood were not included in the study. It was observed that the infusion of Rituxan caused reduction of circulating B cells. Among the 166 patients infected with lymphoma, circulating B cells were lessened in the initial three weeks with continued reduction for 6 months following the treatment, in 83% of the patients. B cell revival began at about six months and the mean B cell levels went back to usual levels by 12 months after conclusion of treatment. It was also observed that there were continued and statistically considerable d epletion in serum levels from five to eleven months, after Rituximab administration Idusogie (Esohe et al. 1480). In pharmacokinetics study, 203 lymphoma patients were given four doses of 375mg/m2 Rituxan intravenous infusion on weekly basis. Rituxan was identified in the patients’ serum within 3 to 6 months following conclusion of treatment. The pharmacokinetic outline of Rituximab when given in form of six infusions of 375mg/m2in conjunction with six doses of chemotherapy was comparable to that observed with Rituximab only. In accordance to 298 non-Hodgkin’s patients who were given Rituximab dose once weekly, scrutiny of information indicated that the median terminal eradication lifespan was twenty two days (series of 6 to 52 days). The patients who had more CD19 cell tally or bigger measurable tumor before treatment indicated higher clearance. Age and sex had no impact on the Rituximab’s pharmacokinetics (Byrd et al. 790). Patients were exposed to varying from a single mixture up to a period of two years. Rituxan was researched in single and regulated trials. Majority of the patients obtained 375mg/m2 of Rituxan infusion, provided as a solitary agent on weekly basis up to eight doses, in conjunction with eight doses of chemotherapy or 16 doses of chemotherapy. Many of the lymphoma patients reported various infusion reactions comprising of fever, nausea, angioedema, headache, rash, vomiting, pruritus, myaldia, bronchospasm and dizziness after the initial Rituxan infusion. The infusion responses generally happened in 30 to 120 minutes after the initial infusion and steadied with slowing of the Rituxan infusion coupled with helpful care. The occurrence of the infusion effects was highest at the in initial infusion (77%) and reduced gradually with each preceding infusion. Patients who previously had untreated health condition and did not show a rank 3 or 4 reaction associated with infusion in cycle 1 and obtained of 90 minutes Rituxan infusion at cycle 2, the occurrence of Grade3 to 4 infusion associated responses was 1.1% on or a day following the infusion. In cycles 2 to 8, the occurrence of Grade 3 to 4 infusion responses after the 90 minutes was 2.8% on or a day following the infusion (McLaughlin et al. 1765). Severe infections (Grade 3 or 4), consisting of sepsis, happened in not more than 5% of the lymphoma patients in the single-arm researches. The general occurrence of illnesses was 31% (viral 10%, unknown 6%, bacterial 19% and fungal 1%). In the haphazard regulated researches where Rituxan had been given after chemotherapy for the healing of the medical condition, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, the speed of infection was greater amongst the patients who had been given Rituxan. In scattered lymphoma patients with large B-cell, viral infections happened more repeatedly for those who had obtained Rituxan. For lymphoma patients who had been given Rituximab monotheraphy, 48% of them displayed cytopenias of score 3 and 4. These comprised lymphopenia (40%), thrombocytopenia (2%). leucopenia (4%) and neutropenia (6%) .The mean period was 14 days for lymphopenia (range, 1 to 588 days) and 13 days for neutropenia (range, 2 to 116 days). Further, a single incidence of red cell aplastic (transient anemia) and two incidences of hemolytic anemia after Rituxan treatment happened at some stages in the single-arm researches. In the researches of monotheraphy, induced B-cell reduction happened in 71% to 81% of the lymphoma patients. Reduced serum levels of IgM and IgG happened in 14% of the patients (Idusogie et al. 1487). In phase III of the clinical trials were based on primary Rituxan and maintenance. This clinical trial was carried out in an open and randomized way comprising of two treatment stages and 1217 non-Hodgkin’s patients were enrolled. The research assessed the safety of Rituxan when mixed with chemotherapy in curing patients possessed with the medical condition. The principal outcome gauge was to unearth the Progression Free Survival (PFS) duration from randomization to development, death or relapse. The secondary result measure consisted assessment of response paces, chemotherapy treatments mixed both with and devoid of Rituxan and event motivated endurance endpoints. For the initial treatment, eight doses of Rituxan mixed with diverse chemotherapy were utilized. Patients who reacted to the first treatment were dispersed to obtain Rituxan on one occasion in a period of two months, for duration of two years, as the only agent. The resulted obtained indicated that the prescription of Rituxan in conjunction with chemotherapy for the particular period multiplied twice the PFS in the lymphoma patients. The research also confirmed that the protection and effectiveness of 375mg/m2 Rituxan was constant in the subsequently utilized pivotal researches when utilized solely or in conjunction with chemotherapy unlike those who ceased receiving Rituxan. Patients who were given Rituxan showed Grade 2 infection. Grade 3 to 4 severe responses of small white blood cell tally and infections were reported to be advance in Rituxan group. Post Marketing Experience As these reactions are detailed willingly from a populace of tentative size, it is impossible to dependably approximate their frequency or develop an informal association to drug exposure. Choices to consider in these reactions when labeling are normally based on the following aspect: seriousness of response, incidence of reporting, or potency of causal attachment to Rituxan. There are no sufficient and well-regulated researches on the use of Rituximab in expectant. post marketing information pointed out that B lymphocytopenia cell typically enduring not more than six months can happen in infants subjected to Rituximab in the uterus. Rituximab was discovered in the serum of newborns after birth. NHL is a severe illness that necessitates treatment. Rituximab ought to be utilized only during pregnancy if the probable gain to the mother validates potential threat to the fetus. Reproduction researches in cynomolgus monkeys at motherly exposures comparable to human curative exposures indi cated no sign of teratogenic effects. Although B cell tissue was lessened in the progeny of treated monkeys, b cell tally returned to usual points after six months of delivery (Leget et al. 547). In the case of nursing mothers, it is unidentified whether Rituxan is produced into human milk. Published information proposes that antibodies present in breast milk stops from going into the infant circulations in significant amounts. FDA has not necessitated pediatric researches in Polyarticular Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (PJIA) people of ages below 16 years due to worry of potential extended immune suppression in the growing immature immune system. Therefore, the safety of Rituxan in people with pediatric condition has not been ascertained. Immunogenicity Just like with all curative proteins, there is a possibility of immunogenicity. The indentified occurrence of positivity of antibody in an assay is greatly reliant on various factors comprising assay sensitivity, sample handling, assay methodology, concomitant treatments, sample gathering timing and underlying ailment. Due to the above reasons, assessment of the occurrence of antibodies to Rituximab and to other results may be deceiving. While utilizing an ELISA assay, Human Anti-Chimerical Antibody (HACA) was observed in (1.1%) 4 of 436 people with the lymphoma acquiring sole-agent Rituxan. 75% of the patients had purposive clinical reaction (Leget et al. 549). After the successful completion of the clinical trials on November 26, 1997, the Food and Drug Administration endorsed Rituximab, for showing the presence of follicular lymphoma. It formed the foremost monoclonal antibody endorsed for curing of cancer and the foremost sole agent endorsed precisely for healing of the specific lymphoma. Rituximab in conjunction with chemotherapy (CHOP) is better to CHOP only in the curing of huge lymphoma cells and various forms of B-cell lymphomas. The appropriate intravenous dose of 375mg/m2 is four weekly infusions. Healing is endured and outpatient treatment is feasible. Severe incidences are mainly grade 1 and 2, happening mostly with the initial infusion. In phase II sole-agent, the overall reaction pace was 50% with 10 months mean time to progression in patients. The bigger multicenter clinical test of 166 patients, the general reaction tempo was 48% (6% complete and 42% incomplete reactions). The median duration of reaction was 11 months and 13 months for responders. Activity has also been observed in patients with huge disease. Rituximab, endorsed for curing cancer, is safe and valuable in treating people with the health condition (Jazirehi Benjamin 2120). Mechanism of Action Rituximab attaches itself particularly to the antigen CD20, (B-lymphocyte-restricted segregation antigen, Bp35), a transmembrane protein that has a molecular mass of about 35 kD centered on B-lymphocytes. In the particular lymphoma, the antigen is shown on 90% of the B cells. However, the antigen does not exist on hematopoietic cells, normal plasma tissues or pro-B cells. CD20 controls an initial stride in the activation procedure for tissue cycle initiation and segregation, and probably operates as a calcium ion path.CD20 is not eradicated from the cell exterior and is not internalized when the antibody starts binding. B cells function also in the pathogenesis of the disease, rheumatoid arthritis and are related to chronic synovitis. In this situation, B cells might be operating at multiple locations in the autoimmune process, going through generation of rheumatoid factor (RF), antigen presentation and other autoantibodies production. The Fab realm of Rituximab attaches to the antig en CD20 present on the disease and its domain enlists immune effectors roles to intervene B-cell into vitro. Probable means of cell lysis comprise of Antibody-Dependent Cell Mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and Complement-Dependent Cytotoxitiy (CDC) (Janas et al. 442). The antibody has been demonstrated to stimulate apoptosis in the B-cell lymphoma. During tissue cross-reactivity, it was noted that Rituximab attached on the lymphoid tissues in the thymus, and on greater part of B-lymphocytes in marginal lymph and blood lumps. Little binding was seen in the non-lymphoid cells examined. Rituxan Prescription Administration of Rituxan to patients can cause severe side effects, which can eventually lead to death. Infusion reactions are the major usual side effects that occur. Severe infusion responses normally happen within 24 hours of initial infusion. It is important for patients to receive medicines to aid in reducing the possibility of having adverse infusion reactions from doctors. Patients with adverse infusion reaction history and other severe infections must notify their physicians before obtaining Rituxan. In case of occurrence of symptoms such as rash, sudden cough, itchiness, weakness and palpitations, patients should contact their doctors to obtain medication immediately. Other adverse side effects encompass Hepatitis B Virus reactivation, severe skin reaction and Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML). Rituxan is administered by intravenous infusion through a needle. Blood tests are normally performed to ensure that no conditions that can safe hinder use of Rituxan ( Grillo-Là ³pez Antonio 770). The success and effectiveness of Rituximab has resulted in the development of advance anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies. The advance value of Rituximab has given it superior edge over other drugs available in the market for the healing of the lymphoma. Amid its enhanced binding effect to cancerous B cells, Rituximab continues to dominate the market. Works cited Byrd, John C., et al. Rituximab therapy in hematologic malignancy patients with circulating blood tumor cells: association with increased infusion-related side effects and rapid blood tumor clearance. Journal of Clinical Oncology 17.3 (1999): 791-791. Carson, Kenneth R., et al. Monoclonal antibody-associated progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy in patients treated with rituximab, natalizumab, and efalizumab: a Review from the Research on Adverse Drug Events and Reports (RADAR) Project. The lancet oncology 10.8 (2009): 816-824. Ghetie, M. A., Bright, H., Vitetta, E. S. (2001). Homodimers but not monomers of Rituxan (chimeric anti-CD20) induce apoptosis in human B-lymphoma cells and synergize with a chemotherapeutic agent and an immunotoxin. Blood, 97(5), 1392-1398. Grillo-Là ³pez, Antonio J. Rituximab (Rituxan ®/MabThera ®): the first decade (1993-2003). Expert review of anticancer therapy 3.6 (2003): 767-779. Janas, E., et al. Rituxan (antià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ CD20 antibody)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ induced translocation of CD20 into lipid rafts is crucial for calcium influx and apoptosis. Clinical Experimental Immunology 139.3 (2005): 439-446. Jazirehi, Ali R., and Benjamin Bonavida. Cellular and molecular signal transduction pathways modulated by rituximab (rituxan, anti-CD20 mAb) in non-Hodgkins lymphoma: implications in chemosensitization and therapeutic intervention. Oncogene 24.13 (2005): 2121-2143. Kim, Julian A. Targeted therapies for the treatment of cancer. The American journal of surgery 186.3 (2003): 264-268. Leget, Gail A., and Myron S. Czuczman. Use of rituximab, the new FDA-approved antibody. Current opinion in oncology 10.6 (1998): 548-551. McLaughlin, Peter, et al. Clinical status and optimal use of rituximab for B-cell lymphomas. Oncology (Williston Park, NY) 12.12 (1998): 1763-9. Idusogie, Esohe E., et al. Mapping of the C1q binding site on rituxan, a chimeric antibody with a human IgG1 Fc. The Journal of Immunology 164.8 (2000): 4178-4184. Rapoport, A. P., et al. Autotransplantation for advanced lymphoma and Hodgkins disease followed by post-transplant rituxan/GM-CSF or radiotherapy and consolidation chemotherapy. Bone marrow transplantation 29.4 (2002): 303-312.

The Hoover Dam and Its Construction Essay -- Hoover Dam Research Paper

Outside of China, the United States is the most-dammed country on the planet. Counting only dams taller than fifty feet high, the U.S. has some 5,000 dams that range from giant hydroelectric dams such as the Grand Coulee in Washington State to flood control dams in the southeast and dams that provide water for irrigation in California. Overall the United States has as many as 2.5 million dams of one sort or another. The design and construction of many of these dams took place between 1930 and 1975. This 45 years period is known as the golden age of dam building, starting with the construction of the Hoover Dam beginning in 1931. By the 1970s the golden age of dam construction began to come to an end with increased concerns of the impacts of dams on their surroundings. To better understand this time period I will look at the construction of Hoover Dam during the 1930’s followed by an examination many of today’s arguments for and against dams [i]. The need for a dam on the Colorado River was known decades before construction actually began due to the numerous destructive floods of the Colorado River. A need for water and electricity was also discovered to help with the development of the West. But there were many factors standing in the way such a large-scale construction project. Finally, in 1927 a bill detailing the project passed in Congress. Many construction companies began to look over the proposals but most agreed that the plan was too ambitious, too difficult, the project site was too unforgiving, and that the technology was not available to build a dam of that size[ii]. Hoover Dam is located in the Black Canyon, on the Colorado River, about thirty miles southeast of Las V... ...onomic impacts of the dam, the impacts of removal, and the economic costs. Notes [i] Davy, Emma. â€Å"Robofish† Current Science March 2, 2001: 10. [ii] http://www.hooverdam.usbr.gov/ [iii] http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA98/haven/hoover/front2.html [iv] http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/hoover/ 5 Robbins, Elaine. â€Å"Damning Dams.† E Jan 1999: 14. 6 Franklin, Chris. â€Å"Let the Colorado River run free.† Earth Island Journal Spring 1997: 23. 7 http://www/irn.org/ 8 â€Å"Not so fast; Eliminating dams; Why dams can be green.† The Economist March 3, 2001: 4. 9 Wade, Beth. â€Å"Bringing down the dams.† American City and County June 1999: 20. 10 â€Å"Knocking down dams – A good year for alewives.† The Economist July 29, 2000: 32. 11 http://www.saveourdams.com/ 12 McMahon, Richard Jr. â€Å"Let’s not damn the dams.† The Business Journal January 28, 2000: 47.